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In the broad literature on human motivation, there are frequent discussions of three factors that can influence different people in varied ways. Some people respond primarily to the chalenge of mastering something, getting inside a subject and trying to understand it in all its complexity. Such people are considered deep learners. Others react well to competition, to the quest for the gold and the chance to do better than anyone else. While that can be a strong motivation for some, it can sometimes hinder learning. In the classroom, such individuals frequently become strategic learners, interested in making the high grades but seldom willing to grapple deeply enough to change their own perceptions. They learn for the test and then quickly expunge the material to make room for something else. "They are", Craig Nelson, a biology professor from Indiana noted, "bulimic learners." Finally, we encounter people who seek primarily to avoid failure, what the literature calls "performance-avoiders." In the classroom, they often become surface learners, never willing to invest enough of themselves to probe a topic deeply because they fear failure, so they stick with trying to cope, to survive. They often resort to memorizing and trying simply to reproduce what they hear.
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Ken Bain, (2004). In: "What the best college teachers do", (pp. 207), Harvard University Press, p. 40.
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