Um artigo curto de HB White, intitulado "Litmus Test for Biochemistry Students" desenvolve a noção de conhecimento mínimo. E dá, também, uma definição operacional, muito ao estilo das competências de Bolonha:
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Consequently, for the sake of this discussion, I would like to expand the context of knowing to go beyond content knowledge to include skills that I think are important for biochemists. My candidate for an essential skill is knowing how to continue learning on one's own. If students only fill their heads with facts, but cannot use them and depend on teachers for new information, they have not been educated. They will soon forget what they have learned and will be incapable of learning anew on their own. Students should recognize what they need to know and do not understand, and then learn it.
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Mais fácil de dizer do que de fazer, dir-me-ão. Pois, o que vale o que se consegue sem esforço, pergunto eu?
HBWhite (2006). Litmus Test for Biochemistry Students, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ. 34(1): 49.